{"id":17026,"date":"2023-09-01T06:35:45","date_gmt":"2023-09-01T06:35:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/?p=17026"},"modified":"2023-09-21T07:25:49","modified_gmt":"2023-09-21T07:25:49","slug":"unutar-zlocinackog-uma-koriscenje-virtualne-stvarnosti-za-razumevanje-donosenja-odluke-o-izvrsenju-krivicnog-dela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/2023\/09\/01\/unutar-zlocinackog-uma-koriscenje-virtualne-stvarnosti-za-razumevanje-donosenja-odluke-o-izvrsenju-krivicnog-dela\/","title":{"rendered":"Inside the Criminal\u2019s Mind: Using Virtual Reality to Understand Criminal Decision-Making"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"17026\" class=\"elementor elementor-17026\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_ae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2184ef26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default ae-bg-gallery-type-default\" data-id=\"2184ef26\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c4f6501 ae-bg-gallery-type-default\" data-id=\"2c4f6501\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fa11b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7fa11b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-container{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));-ms-flex-item-align:stretch;align-self:stretch;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-container>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9210f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"9210f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css\">\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/wpmcclanahan\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/profile.png\" alt=\"dr Patrick McClanahan\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/wpmcclanahan\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatrick McClanahan, Ph.D.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Postdoc in the criminology department at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security &amp; Law <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39cac4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"39cac4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96493c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96493c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In criminology, there is a key concept that says the environment or situation influences our perception and decision-making, which in turn influences our behavior, in this case the likelihood of committing a crime (Barnum et al., 2021; Eck &amp; Clarke, 2019). When speaking about this decision-making process, we are talking about the weighing up of the risks and rewards associated with committing a crime. When the rewards outweigh the risks, crime is likely to occur (Apel, 2013; Nagin, 2013). However, crime, by definition, is a hidden behavior, restricting the ability for researchers to assess it.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0dda50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c0dda50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d761761 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-blockquote--button-color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"d761761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor-pro - v3.7.7 - 20-09-2022 *\/\n@charset \"UTF-8\";.entry-content blockquote.elementor-blockquote:not(.alignright):not(.alignleft),.entry-summary blockquote.elementor-blockquote{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;outline:0;font-size:100%;vertical-align:baseline;background:transparent;quotes:none;border:0;font-style:normal;color:#55595c}.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote:after,.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote:before,.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote cite:after,.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote cite:before,.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote footer:after,.elementor-widget-blockquote blockquote footer:before{content:\"\";content:none}.elementor-blockquote{-webkit-transition:.3s;-o-transition:.3s;transition:.3s}.elementor-blockquote__author,.elementor-blockquote__content{margin-bottom:0;font-style:normal}.elementor-blockquote__author{font-weight:700}.elementor-blockquote 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.elementor-blockquote__tweet-button,.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-classic.elementor-blockquote--button-view-icon .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button{padding:0;width:2em;height:2em}.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-bubble.elementor-blockquote--button-view-icon .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button i,.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-classic.elementor-blockquote--button-view-icon .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button i{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-bubble .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button:before{content:\"\";border:.5em solid transparent;border-right-color:#1da1f2;position:absolute;left:-.8em;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%) scaleY(.65);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%) scaleY(.65);transform:translateY(-50%) scaleY(.65);-webkit-transition:.3s;-o-transition:.3s;transition:.3s}.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-bubble.elementor-blockquote--align-left .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button:before{right:auto;left:-.8em;border-right-color:#1da1f2;border-left-color:transparent}.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-bubble.elementor-blockquote--align-left .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button:hover:before{border-right-color:#0967a0}.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-bubble.elementor-blockquote--align-right .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button:before{left:auto;right:-.8em;border-right-color:transparent;border-left-color:#1da1f2}.elementor-blockquote--button-skin-bubble.elementor-blockquote--align-right .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button:hover:before{border-left-color:#0967a0}.elementor-blockquote--skin-boxed .elementor-blockquote{background-color:#e6e9ec;padding:30px}.elementor-blockquote--skin-border .elementor-blockquote{border-color:#e6e9ec;border-left:7px #e6e9ec;border-style:solid;padding-left:20px}.elementor-blockquote--skin-quotation .elementor-blockquote:before{content:\"\u201c\";font-size:100px;color:#e6e9ec;font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-weight:900;line-height:1;display:block;height:.6em}.elementor-blockquote--skin-quotation .elementor-blockquote__content{margin-top:15px}.elementor-blockquote--align-left .elementor-blockquote__content{text-align:left}.elementor-blockquote--align-left .elementor-blockquote footer{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.elementor-blockquote--align-right .elementor-blockquote__content{text-align:right}.elementor-blockquote--align-right .elementor-blockquote footer{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-blockquote--align-center .elementor-blockquote{text-align:center}.elementor-blockquote--align-center .elementor-blockquote__author,.elementor-blockquote--align-center .elementor-blockquote footer{display:block}.elementor-blockquote--align-center .elementor-blockquote__tweet-button{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}<\/style>\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tOver time, researchers have developed a number of ways to examine criminal decision-making including examining trends with real-world data, using written hypothetical scenarios, and directly interviewing offenders\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa37c2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"aa37c2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-105613b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"105613b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While research using such methods have supported the environment-perception link in criminal decision-making, there are still limitations. For example, real-world studies can confirm that a crime has occurred, but have no perceptual data from the offender\u2019s perspective (Taylor, 2018), hypothetical scenarios tend to only examine low level crime in samples of non-offenders, such as students (Dhami et al., 2004; Payne &amp; Chappell, 2008; Peterson, 2001), and interviews capture the offender\u2019s perspective but suffer from confounds such as memory recall and deception (Elffers, 2010; Nisbett &amp; Wilson, 1977; Small &amp; Cook, 2021).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1783954 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1783954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-948dbc2 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-blockquote--button-color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"948dbc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tResearchers of the Virtual Burglary Project (VBP), address these limitations by harnessing the power of virtual reality to assess criminal decision-making\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b4b0de elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3b4b0de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c4720b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c4720b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Importantly, virtual reality is mobile and allows them to take the equipment to those who know the most about crime, offenders themselves (Mania &amp; Chalmers, 2001). <span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/csl.mpg.de\/en\/projects\/virtual-burglary-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Virtual Burglary Project<\/a><\/span> is an international, multi-institutional collaboration that\u2019s used VR to examine criminal decision-making in a number of prisons across Europe and America (Meenaghan et al., 2020; Nee et al., 2019; Van Gelder, 2023; van Gelder et al., 2017, 2019, 2019).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-156070c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"156070c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b8f4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"93b8f4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"567\" src=\"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Neighborhood-image-1024x567.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35805ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"35805ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affbd06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"affbd06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\" translation-block\">In one of the most recent data collection sessions, Patrick McClanahan, PhD, from the <span style=\"color: #e3b969\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969\" href=\"https:\/\/csl.mpg.de\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security &amp; Law: MPICSL<\/a><\/span>, travelled to Pennsylvania in the United States and spent six months collecting data from 160 incarcerated burglars across four state prisons. Participants were encouraged to (virtually) scope out a neighborhood for targets to break into.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eab9e52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"eab9e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4de7a1 elementor-blockquote--skin-border elementor-blockquote--button-color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"d4de7a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\tBy getting to observe the (virtual) crime commission act unfold in real-time, and through extensive interviews with each inmate, Patrick was able to understand how certain physical features of a house or neighborhood make a house a good or bad target\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d23196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3d23196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a8454a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a8454a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From this research, Patrick will publish several empirical papers and present his findings at many academic conferences. Importantly, Patrick strives to provide practical information to people on how they can reduce their risk of becoming a victim of a burglary. Patrick shares such practical tips on the podcast <em>Doing Time, Talking Crime by the MPICSL<\/em>\u00a0(<span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/episode\/3I3z9bti9DAhxmv2xOCI61?si=b4b12455ad1f4383\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Episode 1<\/a><\/span>; <span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/episode\/57BGHGJ1ZsgcoAIUiF8cbU?si=019a2c337651486f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Episode 2<\/a><\/span>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db5247f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"db5247f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8584b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8584b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To learn more, <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">connect with Patrick McClanahan<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/_WPM3_\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@_WPM3_<\/a><\/span>) and <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">the MPICSL<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #e3b969;\">@<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MPICSL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #e3b969;\">the MPICSL<\/span><\/a>) on X (previously Twitter), or <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">visit the webpages linked below<\/span>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Patrick McClanahan: <span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wpm3.info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.wpm3.info\/<\/a><\/span>; <span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/csl.mpg.de\/en\/william-patrick-mcclanahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/csl.mpg.de\/en\/william-patrick-mcclanahan<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>The Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security &amp; Law (Department of Criminology): \u00a0<span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/csl.mpg.de\/criminology\/research-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/csl.mpg.de\/criminology\/research-program<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Portsmouth University: <span style=\"color: #e3b969;\"><a style=\"color: #e3b969;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.port.ac.uk\/research\/research-projects\/virtual-burglary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.port.ac.uk\/research\/research-projects\/virtual-burglary<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfd4e19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bfd4e19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3947cd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3947cd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>References:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Apel, R. (2013). Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime: Implications for Criminal Deterrence. <em>Journal of Quantitative Criminology<\/em>, <em>29<\/em>(1), 67\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10940-012-9170-1<\/li>\n<li>Barnum, T. C., Nagin, D. S., &amp; Pogarsky, G. (2021). Sanction risk perceptions, coherence, and deterrence*. <em>Criminology<\/em>, <em>59<\/em>(2), 195\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9125.12266<\/li>\n<li>Dhami, M. K., Hertwig, R., &amp; Hoffrage, U. (2004). The Role of Representative Design in an Ecological Approach to Cognition. <em>Psychological Bulletin<\/em>, <em>130<\/em>(6), 959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.959<\/li>\n<li>Eck, J. E., &amp; Clarke, R. V. (2019). Situational Crime Prevention: Theory, Practice and Evidence. In M. D. Krohn, N. Hendrix, G. Penly Hall, &amp; A. J. Lizotte (Eds.), <em>Handbook on Crime and Deviance<\/em> (pp. 355\u2013376). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-20779-3_18<\/li>\n<li>Elffers, H. (2010). Misinformation, misunderstanding and misleading as validity threats to offenders\u2019 accounts of offending. In <em>Offenders on Offending<\/em>. Willan.<\/li>\n<li>Mania, K., &amp; Chalmers, A. (2001). The Effects of Levels of Immersion on Memory and Presence in Virtual Environments: A Reality Centered Approach. <em>CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior<\/em>, <em>4<\/em>(2), 247\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/109493101300117938<\/li>\n<li>Meenaghan, A., Nee, C., Van Gelder, J.-L., Vernham, Z., &amp; Otte, M. (2020). Expertise, Emotion and Specialization in the Development of Persistent Burglary. <em>The British Journal of Criminology<\/em>, <em>60<\/em>(3), 742\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjc\/azz078<\/li>\n<li>Nagin, D. S. (2013). Deterrence in the twenty-first century. <em>Crime and Justice<\/em>, <em>42<\/em>(1), 199\u2013263.<\/li>\n<li>Nee, C., van Gelder, J.-L., Otte, M., Vernham, Z., &amp; Meenaghan, A. (2019). Learning on the job: Studying expertise in residential burglars using virtual environments*. <em>Criminology<\/em>, <em>57<\/em>(3), 481\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9125.12210<\/li>\n<li>Nisbett, R. E., &amp; Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. <em>Psychological Review<\/em>, <em>84<\/em>(3), 231.<\/li>\n<li>Payne, B. K., &amp; Chappell, A. (2008). Using Student Samples in Criminological Research. <em>Journal of Criminal Justice Education<\/em>, <em>19<\/em>(2), 175\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10511250802137226<\/li>\n<li>Peterson, R. A. (2001). On the Use of College Students in Social Science Research: Insights from a Second-Order Meta-analysis. <em>Journal of Consumer Research<\/em>, <em>28<\/em>(3), 450\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/323732<\/li>\n<li>Small, M. L., &amp; Cook, J. M. (2021). Using Interviews to Understand Why: Challenges and Strategies in the Study of Motivated Action. <em>Sociological Methods &amp; Research<\/em>, 004912412199555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124121995552<\/li>\n<li>Taylor, R. B. (2018). How Do We Get to Causal Clarity on Physical Environment-Crime Dynamics? In G. J. N. Bruinsma &amp; S. D. Johnson (Eds.), <em>The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology<\/em> (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190279707.013.2<\/li>\n<li>Van Gelder, J.-L. (2023). Virtual Reality for Criminologists: A roadmap. <em>Review of Research<\/em>, <em>52<\/em>, in press.<\/li>\n<li>van Gelder, J.-L., de Vries, R. E., Demetriou, A., van Sintemaartensdijk, I., &amp; Donker, T. (2019). The Virtual Reality Scenario Method: Moving from Imagination to Immersion in Criminal Decision-making Research. <em>Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency<\/em>, <em>56<\/em>(3), 451\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427818819696<\/li>\n<li>van Gelder, J.-L., Nee, C., Otte, M., Demetriou, A., van Sintemaartensdijk, I., &amp; van Prooijen, J.-W. (2017). Virtual Burglary: Exploring the Potential of Virtual Reality to Study Burglary in Action. <em>Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency<\/em>, <em>54<\/em>(1), 29\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427816663997<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Crime, by definition, is a hidden behavior. This makes it hard for researchers to study and reduce crime. An international collaboration of researchers uses Virtual Reality to go inside the criminal mind to understand when a crime might occur and why<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9975,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-digitalinvestigation"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17026"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17026\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17050,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17026\/revisions\/17050"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9975"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cybercrime.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}